Applying Ecological Succession to Agroforestry and Natural Farming.
Introduction Ecological succession is the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time. It involves the gradual replacement of one community by another, leading to a more complex and stable ecosystem. This change can occur in two main ways: Primary succession : This occurs in areas where there was no previous community, such as newly formed land, volcanic islands, or retreating glaciers. Pioneer species, like lichens and mosses, are the first to colonize these barren areas. They gradually improve the environment by breaking down rocks, adding organic matter, and creating soil. Over time, more complex communities, such as grasses, shrubs, and trees, can establish themselves. Secondary succession : This occurs in areas where a pre-existing community has been disrupted, such as after a fire, flood, or deforestation. While the initial disturbance may destroy much of the existing vegetation, the soil and seeds often remain. This allows for a more rapid recovery...